Why Are People Offended By Jesus?

Jesus is one of, if not the most divisive, individuals in human history. That is an interesting concept to ponder. Why is that so? In the Western World many people follow his teaching and values, such as equality, the value of women and children, concern for the poor and the disabled, compassion and the importance of forgiveness. These are just a few values that trace their origins to Jesus. So why would anyone who appreciates the values that Jesus taught and instituted, values that have transformed the Western world be offended by Jesus? Well, Jesus also taught other things.

Jesus taught that he was the only way to God and claimed the authority to forgive sins, something that the religious Jews of Jesus’ day clearly recognized as an action only God could do. This statement alone was sufficient to offend the first century Jews, leading some of them to plot and orchestrate Jesus’ death on a cross. By claiming to be the only way to God, Jesus claimed exclusivity, a concept that some in the 21st century find offensive and contrary to the concept of inclusiveness.

Jesus also claimed authority, actually all authority, making him the King of kings and Lord of lords. The New Testament teaches that a Christian is not someone who agrees with the majority of what Jesus taught, but someone, who believes Jesus was raised from the dead, and confesses him as Lord. That means a Christian is someone who voluntarily submits to Jesus’ authority. For those of us living in the United States celebrating 250 years since our Declaration of Independence, we struggle with authority. Actually all men struggle with authority to a certain extent, but independence and shall we say a discomfort with authority, to put it mildly, is something that is woven throughout the fabric of American history and culture. Our nation was founded on a rejection of monarchy, specifically the rule of King George III of Great Britain, whose taxes the founding fathers found offensive. During the Civil War the policies of President Lincoln were offensive to many Americans. Eighty years later some were offended by the policies of President Franklin Roosevelt and his conduct preceding the United States’ entry into World War II. Historical facts that have been forgotten by many. This tendency grew in the 1960’s during which the young baby boomer generation rejected the establishment with the cry of ”don’t trust anyone over 30”. A cry that was no longer uttered after 1980 as many baby boomers reached the age of 30 and beyond and became part of the establishment they had rejected a few years earlier. Recently we have seen “No Kings” protests in cities throughout our nation protesting the policies of our current President. The history of the United States is littered with evidences of rejection of authority.

What does this have to do with Jesus? If we struggle with submitting to human authority, then is should not surprise us that many struggle with Jesus’ ultimate authority and are offended by him, even though they may agree with some of what he taught. The reality is that until Jesus returns, we as followers of Jesus find ourselves in the middle of a war, which the New Testament refers to as a spiritual war. Jesus warned us that we will find ourselves facing tribulation if we choose to follow him. We should not become disillusioned or discouraged when we see difficult circumstances, wars and rumors of wars, taking place around us. We should not be surprised that some vocally reject authority; it is nothing new. Our job is to continue to proclaim what is right and true: honor those in authority, whether the current occupant’s of the White House is named Clinton, Bush, Obama, Biden or Trump. Giving honor to a leader doesn’t mean we agree with a particular leader. Clearly Paul did not agree with the Emperor Nero when he instructed Christians to give honor to those in authority. However, it does reflect Jesus, who recognized and submitted to Pilate’s authority to crucify him.

As followers of Jesus we must continually resist the urge to fit in with the current age and choose to live by heaven’s values even when it results in sacrifice, difficulty and hardship.

Jesus, The Logos

Words are interesting and powerful things. We constantly use them to communicate with one another and to formulate our thoughts. Their power lies in their meaning. What is curious about words and languages is that words can change in meaning over time and mean one thing in one language and something else in another language. For example, take the word “piano”. In English, when we use the word “piano”, we usually refer to a musical instrument with black and white keys, but how did that particular instrument get that name. The word “piano” comes from the Italian language. But, what is odd, is if you use the word “piano” in Italian you are not referring to a musical instrument, because in Italian that musical instrument is a “pianoforte”. In English the word is truncated and loses the meaning it had in Italian. In Italian, if your kids are playing loudly you say to them “piano”, meaning “quiet down”, which hints at the Italian meaning for “pianoforte”. Piano meaning quiet, forte meaning loud. A piano is a quiet-loud. If your kids are running around a pool, you might say to them “piano”, meaning slow down. Or if you say, that road is piano, piano means smooth or level. Or if you go into a store and ask to see a piano, you will be shown shelving, because shelving is smooth and level. In English “piano” has a pretty specific and limited meaning, but in Italian it has a different meaning and is much broader.

Now, if I say to you “the Word” or “the Word of God”, we likely think of the Bible, but in Scripture when we read “logos”, or “the word”, most often it is not referring to Scripture. In the early church of the first 300 years, when we read the church fathers, such as Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, Justin Martyr or Irenaeus and they use “logos”, they most often were referring not to Scripture, but to Jesus.

In the 27 books of the New Testament, the Greek word “logos” is utilized over 330 times. Logos is found in every book of the New Testament except for Paul’s short letter to Philemon and the short letter known as Jude. In all the other 25 books of the New Testament we find occurrences of “logos”, with a range of meanings.

Let’s start with the usage in the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. The vast majority the uses of “logos” are related to Jesus’ words or teaching. See Matthew 7:28, where Jesus’ words/logos were used in the context of Jesus’ teaching. This usage was repeated in each of the Gospels. In the Sermon on the Mount the word is used to describe the cause or reason for a man to divorce his wife, where the English word “reason” is used to translate “logos” (Matthew 5:32).

Logos is also used to communicate an authoritative word, such as when the Centurion asked Jesus to say the word/logos and his servant would be healed. (Matthew 8:8). Again a few verses later in Matthew 8:16, Jesus cast out a demon from the man in the Gaderenes with a word/logos.

Later in Matthew logos is also used in conjunction with rhema, another Greek word translated as “word”, when Jesus says that we will be judged for every careless word/rhema we will give an accounting/logos. (Matthew 12:36). Logos here refers not so much to the word that was spoken but to the accounting for why it was spoken.

Occasionally logos is used in reference to the Old Testament as when Jesus rebuked the Pharisees for rendering ineffective the Word of God with their traditions (Mark 7:13). Luke also equated logos with a prophetic word when he used it in reference to the prophecy out of Isaiah that John the Baptist was a voice calling in the desert (Luke 3:4). Jesus declared the eternity of his words, when he declared that heaven and earth will pass away but his words will never pass away (Matthew 24:35).

In Acts the shift is made where logos is used in reference to the Apostles’ teaching, specifically the gospel. After Saul persecuted the church and the believers went out and preached the word/logos (Acts 8:4). The idea was that the apostles proclaimed the logos that Jesus had taught to them for the purpose of salvation and grace. Luke used it also to refer to his previous work, the gospel of Luke (Acts 1:1).

Due to the apostles preaching, Luke wrote that the word of God increased (Acts 6:7 and 12:24). This doesn’t mean that the content of the Gospel changed, but that more and more responded and the influence of the logos increased, implying the development of a community of believers built upon the logos. Like in the Gospels it was also used to refer to the prophetic declarations recorded in the Old Testament (Acts 15:15).

While John also used logos in ways similar to the other New Testament writers, he is the only one to tie logos to the person of Jesus. He does so in all of his writings, the Gospel of John, his 3 letters 1, 2, and 3 John as well as in Revelation. The wording of John 1:1 is fascinating and in my opinion the change of word order in English is unfortunate. English maintains a parallelism, the word was with God, the word was God. However, in Greek it literally reads, the word was with the God and God was the word. This is where the English word order is unfortunate, because the way John wrote it he linked all three references to logos to one and the same God. In Revelation 19:13, John equates “the word of God”, as Jesus’ name. Not only was Jesus himself the word, but the word was also his name.

So if the early church used “logos” to refer to Jesus, why do we use it to refer to the Bible? It is a good question. As time went on several hundred years later, the early church started compiling apostolic teaching and recognizing certain letters as Scripture, which with the translation of the Old Testament Scriptures from Greek into Latin and utilized the 27 books of the current New Testament. This volume in Latin was referred to as “The Vulgate”, which was the official and only recognized version of the Bible by the Roman Catholic Church until the Church Council Vatican II in the early 60’s. When the Vulgate was completed the Church began referring to it as the Holy Scriptures, and the Holy Word of God, which is how we refer to the Bible today, “The Word” or “the Word of God”.

So why is it important? Peter tells us in 1 Peter 3:15 that we should always be ready to give a defense for our faith. That means we should be able to explain why we believe what we believe. Even during Jesus’ own lifetime, the Jews were accepting of the life lessons Jesus taught, but they rejected Jesus himself. That same pattern of behavior has been repeated throughout history. During the Enlightenment, men such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine as well as the French philosopher Voltaire, accepted Jesus’ morality and ethics, but rejected Jesus. Today, progressives who teach that we must care for the oppressed express Jesus’ moral teaching, but they reject Jesus himself. Christianity, however, merges the person of Jesus with his teaching in the word, logos. You can’t have salvation and reconciliation with God without both bending the knee to Jesus and following his teaching.


Finding Purpose In Life

All of us live for purpose, which according to some writers is a struggle when people retire, because what they had for a purpose, a vocation or a career has now stopped and they struggle with how to live. This was pointed out in the movie, “The Intern”, where Robert De Niro’s character struggled with purpose after retiring and led him back to work as an intern in a start up company. King Solomon the wealthy, wise and illustrious king of ancient Israel struggled with the same issue of purpose in life. He sought it in many forms: the acquisition of wisdom, plunging into self-indulgence, the pursuit of knowledge, the vanity of vocation and the accumulation of wealth and honor all left him with emptiness. All Solomon could offer to mankind was to fear and remember God, while rejoicing in the work God gave to do.

As wise as Solomon was, even his solution to the purpose of life, seems rather hollow. Modern man also struggles with the same issues. Many seek the same things Solomon found lacking, others turn to ideologies religious and otherwise. In the last several centuries, some dedicated themselves to ideologies and social issues seeking to make the world a better place, but often those pursuits led to conflicts as one ideology fought with another. The pursuit of “making the world a better place” often leads to fatigue and disillusionment, because the goal never seems to be attained. There is always more that could be done while society’s problems remain, even with technological advances that make life more comfortable.

So what is the answer? One man took a very different approach, while everyone else in modern society teaches to do more, to work more efficiently, to be more productive in order to accomplish more, Jesus offers a different way. After Jesus made a startling claim, one that no other man has made; he alone truly knows God the Father. Then Jesus declared to his followers to come to him all who labor and are heavy-laden and he will give them rest. Coming to Jesus, they are to take up his yoke and learn from him, because he is gentle and humble. In this way, they will find what nothing else, not even Solomon or the pursuit of ideologies can offer, rest for their souls (See Matthew 11:25-30). Through Jesus we learn that the purpose in life is not necessarily to make the world a better place, but to learn to know God, who is the only one who truly knows how to make the world a better place. Through Jesus, not only does the world become a better place, but those coming to know God through him also find true and complete rest.

The Power Of Martyrdom

Ironically there are some from church history who are remembered not only by what they did and taught, but more so by how they died. One such individual was a man and church leader, who had learned of Jesus through the apostle John and eventually became the leader of the church of Smyrna in Asia Minor during the early decades of the second century. He died as a martyr in 155 AD at the age of 85 or 86. Today he is considered a saint by the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican Churches.

From the account of Polycarp’s death we get a glimpse of the life and faith of early church leaders. We know of Polycarp through two primary sources, his letter to the Philippians that touched on some of the same themes as Paul’s letter to the same church. The other source is known as the Martyrdom of Polycarp, written from the church of Smyrna to other churches to communicate what had happened to Polycarp.

During the persecution of some Christians at Smyrna, those martyred exhibited great peace and patience as they suffered, moving some of the observers to tears and conversion to Jesus. The majority, however, were enraged and called for the death of Polycarp, the leader of the church in Smyrna. When Polycarp learned that the officials, commanded by a man named Herod, were looking for him, he desired to remain in the city, but his friends convinced him to depart and stay at a farm a short distance away . There he prayed for the churches. Having fallen into a trance, he saw his pillow engulfed in flames and realized he would be burned alive. Departing to yet another farm, he remained there until the officials found him after having tortured two boys who had served Polycarp.

Finding Polycarp in a bed upstairs, the officials were surprised by his age. Polycarp first commanded that food and drink be provided for the officials, then requested that he be allowed to pray for an hour, which was granted. Polycarp then prayed for two. Witnessing this, some repented for having come against such a venerable old man. Arriving in the city, Polycarp was met by Herod and his father Nicetes, who had him join them in their carriage. There they tried to persuade him to declare Caesar as Lord and offer incense, but Polycarp refused. After threatening him, they made get out of the carriage and walk to the stadium as the crowd roared. As he entered he heard a voice tell him to be strong and be the man. The Christians with Polycarp also heard the voice, but did not know its source. The presiding Proconsul urged Polycarp to confess Caesar and declare away with the atheists. In response Polycarp looked at the crowd and declared “Away with the Atheists”. At the persistence of the Proconsul, Polycarp responded: “Fourscore and six years have I been His servant, and He hath done me no wrong. How then can I blaspheme my King who saved me?” Polycarp offered to make an explanation of his faith, but the Proconsul told him to make his appeal to the crowd, to which Polycarp explained that the Proconsul being a government official was worthy of an explanation, but the crowd not so. Upon Polycarp’s refusal to confess Caesar, he threatened him with wild beasts, but Polycarp told him to bring them on. Then he threatened him with fire, but Polycarp responded that he only had fire that burned for a season but was ignorant of the eternal fire of judgment.

Declaring to the crowd that Polycarp had confessed to being a Christian, the crowd called for the lion, but the Proconsul declared that this would not be lawful since he had already closed the games. Then they called for Polycarp to be burned alive in accordance to the vision Polycarp had before. After building the pile of wood, they desired to nail Polycarp to it, but he told them that God would give him grace to endure the flames and remain in the fire, so they tied him to it. Then Polycarp prayed thanking God for the honor to be counted among the martyrs and asking to be received into His presence. After lighting the fire, the aroma of baked bread filled the arena, not the smell of burning flesh, but the fire could not kill him, reminiscent of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego in the Old Testament, so the executioner was sent in to kill Polycarp with a dagger. When he did so a dove flew out and blood came out which extinguished the fire. When the Christians came to claim Polycarp’s body, the Jews opposed them and declared that they would begin worshiping Polycarp as they did Christ. Therefore the Proconsul had Polycarp’s body burned according to the Roman custom. Afterwards the Christians came and gathered his bones and put them in a suitable place.

Due to his martyrdom, Polycarp became even more well-known than other martyrs. Polycarp’s and others willingness to be martyred may seem strange to us who do not face the same trials that they did, but it gives us a glimpse into how precious they understood following Jesus. They saw it as an honor and privilege to lay their life down for Jesus. Those ancient believers would probably quite agree with the words of a 20th Century martyr, Jim Eliot, who wrote in his journal: “He is no fool, who gives up what he cannot keep to gain what he cannot lose”. Throughout the history of the church the death of martyrs has not accomplished what their murderers desired, but actually the opposite. Historically, martyrs have inspired others to seek out Jesus and follow him. Their example gives yet another confirmation of Jesus’ words to his disciples, not to fear those who can only kill the body, but fear the one who can destroy both body and soul in hell (Matthew 10:28).


Science and Theology

From my recent reading on Quantum Physics, I am learning about the unique properties of light and its impact upon time and our existence. Not surprisingly, light is also significant within Scripture. In the first words of Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, we read God saying: “’Let there be light’ and there was light. And God saw that it was good. And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day.” (Genesis 1:3-5 ESV) The first thing that God created was light, not sources of light, which he created later on the fourth day; he created light, which also is related to time, because light defined a day.

In the New Testament, we gather more information about light. According to John, light has also become a person. That light is identified as being the Word, who was with God and who was God in the beginning. Through this person all things came into being; he is the source of life and that life was the light of all men, which shines in the darkness. This being whom John calls the Word is life and light became a person known as Jesus. (John 1:1-18) Jesus declared himself to be the light of the world, promising that whoever follows him will not walk in darkness, but has the light of life.

In the early 20th century as physicists were making new and unprecedented discoveries, Albert Einstein wrote about relativity and demonstrated that time is not constant, but is rather related to the speed an objecttt is traveling. It is also related to the observer. Einstein explained that the faster an object travels the slower time passes. On earth we do not travel fast enough to notice, although Einstein did give an illustration. In the case of a person standing still and bouncing a ball up and down, the ball travels a path of straight down and straight back up. However, if a person were to observe another person on a train passing by who is also bouncing a ball up and down, he would see that the ball does not travel straight up and down, but takes a “V” shaped path down and up, because while the person bouncing the ball is standing still the train is moving forward so that the ball also is moving forward on its path down and back up. In other words, the ball on the train is actually traveling further than the ball that is bounced standing still in the same amount of time. Einstein went on to explain that the closer an object travels to the speed of light the slower time passes. Einstein’s discoveries demonstrated a connection between light and time, while light has a constant speed, time is relative to the speed at which an object travels. Theoretically time stops at the speed of light or we might say is timeless. In other words, we might say that light is the lord of time. Jesus being the light of the world, is Lord over all and existing in a dimension outside of time.

Also discovered during that same time period is that light sometimes functions as a particle and at other times functions as a wave so that it is difficult to define what exactly it is. Curiously, Jesus is also hard to define. He is both God and man. Theologians struggled to explain him in the early centuries. The Council of Nicea affirmed that he was God, not a special created being as the Gnostics and later Arius taught. However, that did not end the debate about Jesus or answer the question of how one person could possess two natures, divine and human. Really that question has never been answered. One hundred years after Nicea at The Council of Chalcedon (451 AD) which defined Christ’s nature by what it is not. Jesus Christ’s dual nature was affirmed to be both fully human and fully divine existing in one person without confusion, change, division or separation. Curiously the nature of Jesus and the nature of light are strangely similar both having two components whose interaction are not fully understood or explained.

When we speak of Jesus as the light of the world, we often think of him in terms of illuminating humanity. While this is true it is also possible that the discovery of physicists and the emergence of Quantum Physics are also instructive on who Jesus is as well. Jesus as light of the world not only illuminates humanity, he is also Lord over time and exists outside of time. The discoveries regarding light made by 20th century physicists illustrate the truth of Scripture and also help understand what Paul wrote to the Colossians when he declared that Jesus sustains all of creation. Paul wrote about Jesus: “And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together”. (Colossians 1:17). Over the last several hundred years and particularly the last hundred the view has been taught that science and theology oppose one another, that faith in God and in Jesus cannot be reconciled with science. However the discoveries of the last 100 years indicate that science and theology have a lot in common if we just have the eyes to see and the ears to hear.

Doubt Transformed to Boldness

Recently I was reading John Polkinghorne’s book, “Quantum Physics and Theology”, in which he made the point that the resurrection of Jesus was the most significant event in human history . That event continues to impact the world to this day. Along with that event another subsequent event ignited that transformation that the world was to see.

The death of Jesus crushed the hopes and dreams of his followers, particularly the twelve he had appointed as apostles. So much so that when the women came to announce that Jesus’ tomb was empty and angels had appeared to them announcing that Jesus was alive, they didn’t believe them. Peter and John ran to the tomb to confirm that it was empty. John seemed to have some awareness of what had happened but Peter remained confused. Two other followers of Jesus left Jerusalem that day to walk to Emmaus. During their journey they were joined by another, who, unknown to them, was Jesus. At their destination and when they were about to eat, they recognized him; it was Jesus. Excited, they returned to Jerusalem to tell the others, who had already seen Jesus. Their despair had turned to joy, but they still struggled with doubt and fear during the forty days that Jesus remained on earth and appeared to them numerous times. During that time, Jesus informed them that they were to remain in Jerusalem and wait for the promise of the Father, the baptism of the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:4-5). Even so, Matthew recorded that at Jesus’ ascension into heaven some still doubted (Matthew 28:17). Even after seeing Jesus, spending time with him, receiving instruction from him, some doubted. How could such a group of individuals, some of whom struggled with what they had experienced, go out and initiate a movement that changed the world? The writer and historian Luke, explains what happened. Ten days after Jesus ascended into heaven, and fifty days after he rose from the dead, the festival Pentecost was celebrated in Jerusalem. Because of that festival all of Jesus’ followers were gathered together in one place. Then, Luke tells us, a sound from heaven came, like a mighty rushing wind, which filled the house where they were. Tongues of fire appeared and rested on each one of them. Then they began to speak in other tongues, as the Spirit enabled them (Acts 2:1-4). There was such a commotion that their neighbors overheard what was going on. Some of them had traveled from different places and spoke different languages. They were shocked to hear these uneducated Galileans, speaking their own languages. Some among them claimed that they were drunk. At this Peter got up and explained what had happened; God was fulfilling the prophecy that Joel had made that God would pour out his Spirit; Peter then exhorted them to repent and follow Jesus. Three thousand of them did so that day. From that time forward, Jesus’ followers were different people. They no longer doubted. They no longer feared what the Jews could do to them. The rest of the book of Acts, records their transformed lives.

We cannot fully understand the global transformation that Jesus has worked through his followers in the last two thousand years, without also acknowledging the empowering role of the Holy Spirit in his followers’ lives. The world is a different place because first God became a man in the person of Jesus, confirming his deity by conquering death, but along with that God continues to be present on planet earth through the Holy Spirit indwelling and transforming followers of Jesus enabling them to do what Jesus did and according to Jesus, do even greater things that he did (John 14:12).

Who Do You Say That I Am?

The day after our youngest son’s wedding, we invited family over for a brunch at our house. In preparation for the brunch my wife, Donelle asked me to go to the grocery store and pick up a few items we needed. Going to the grocery store is not high on my list of preferred activities and quite often I don’t have a great attitude fulfilling that task. So that morning I drove the extremely long mile to Von’s to purchase what we needed, eggs, rolls, clementines, bananas, which they were completely out of, substituted for grapes, and real whipping cream. On one of my trips through the store searching out the needed items, I walked past the check out stand and saw a magazine, that caught my attention. Life Magazine had published an edition called “Jesus, Who Do You Say that I Am?” In that moment I did something a rarely do. I purchased something that was not on Donelle’s list. I purchased the magazine, from a grocery store checkout stand.

One of the many things I found fascinating about this publication was the chapter titles. The first chapter is: “The Carpenter’s Son, Who Changed Everything”. The last chapter: “He Is All Things To All Men”. In its conclusion, we read: “In such a meager sampling – a round of phone calls, a few sitdowns – such a wide range of opinion on, and use of, Jesus. One fact is overarching: Jesus today is not only present, He is potent.” (Jesus, pg. 92) Let me remind you, Life is not a Christian publication. It is currently owned by Dotdash Meridith, who some time ago took over the Time Warner assets. In other words, a publication that would definitely be considered non religious, has recognized both Jesus’ presence and potency in the world today. Do you realize how amazing that is?

Referencing Napoleon Bonaparte, the authors of the Life publication quoted Bonaparte’s observation of the uniqueness of Jesus’ influence. He observed that Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne and Bonaparte himself had all built empires through the use of force. However, Jesus alone built his kingdom upon love and millions would die for him. Founding father, Thomas Jefferson wrote of his considering himself a Christian due to his adherence to Jesus’ doctrines in preference to all others. Many of the founding fathers of the United States shared Jefferson’s admiration for Jesus while some like Jefferson rejected the miraculous. More recently, Life quoted Dr. C. Everett Koop, former surgeon general of the United States, who observed that either Jesus is exactly who he said he was or was a deceiver and liar. Koop further believed that a person’s faith could assist in their healing process.

As Life observed, we live in a day and age that has been profoundly influenced by Jesus. The treasured values that we hold dearly, such as compassion for the weak and needy, equality for all people regardless of ethnicity, social standing or gender, all find their roots in what Jesus taught and demonstrated. So then, Jesus’ question addressed to his disciples is not merely a historical observation but very relevant for us today 2000 years after Jesus lived. Who do you say that I am?

The Fullness of Time

I grew up in the 1960’s, a decade that has had a great impact upon our culture. During the early years of my life a battle was taking place in the southern States as African Americans along with others worked to overcome Jim Crow laws that established segregation, leading to the Civil Rights Laws of the mid-60’s under the Johnson Administration. I remember a Friday afternoon in first grade, when my teacher went to the back of the classroom, sat down and began to cry. Then we heard the news that President Kennedy had been shot and killed in Dallas. A couple of days later we watched, when Jack Ruby, pushed through the crowd, stuck a revolver in the abdomen of Lee Harvey Oswald and pulled the trigger, killing the man accused of assassinating our President. We watched the President’s funeral on television. Several years later, my dad took me to sign up for Little League baseball, while we were there, we heard the news that Dr. King had been shot and killed while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis. Then two months later, I remember waking up to my clock radio, tuned to WLS in Chicago and hearing the news that Senator Bobby Kennedy had been shot while walking through the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles and would eventually die from his wounds. That summer several cities would erupt in riots, particularly Chicago during the Democratic National Convention.

I was a child during those events and had no history to understand that events of that type weren’t normal. The 1960’s impacted an entire generation and culture so that the decades of the 1970’s and following were quite different that the 1940’s and 1950’s.

The apostle Paul referred to another event that changed not just a generation and a culture, but has and continues to transform the world. In Galatians 4:4, Paul made a surprising statement, when he wrote the words “in the fullness of time”, why? In Greek, the term “pleroma”, translated “fullness” has the concept of conclusion, or completion. Something was completed and coming to an end. The word for time here is “chronos”, we get our word “chronology” from this word. Chronology literally means “the study of time”. We use “chronology” to refer to an ordered list of events, to communicate what happened before and after something. For the Greeks it was the normal word used for the ongoing march of time from past to the present and on to the future.

So when Paul wrote to the Galatians that in the fullness of time/chronos, he made a surprising statement, that time as we know it was changed, when God sent his son, born of a woman, born under the law to redeem those who were under the law. Paul declared that with the birth of Christ the world was radically transformed.

This year is known as 2025, but why? Why not year 288 to count the years since the Declaration of Independence, or 236 since the ratification of the Constitution? Why is it 2025? The method of establishing years was established in the 6th Century when a Christian monk proposed numbering the years from the birth of Jesus, which was dated according to the year in which King Herod died, who was the King of Judea when Jesus was born. Modern scholars date Herod’s death sometime between 4 and 1 BC. The monk proposed this numbering system followed how the Romans numbered their years, according to the years of an emperor’s reign. In fact, after Benito Mussolini became premier of Italy in 1922, he changed the numbering system for Italy to the years of his rule. Particularly in southern Italy, you can still see evidences of that numbering system. In the 6th Century the practice of numbering the years from Jesus’ birth began, which explains why we are in 2025, but also the abbreviations of BC and AD. BC refers to before Christ, that is before his birth. AD is an abbreviation for a Latin phrase, “anno domini”, which translated means year/anno and of the Lord/domini, “year of the Lord”.

However, about 100 years ago Jewish scholars, not being Christian and desiring a more “religiously neutral” approach began using different terms, BCE and CE, which since the 1980’s have become more prevalent. However, even though these phrases do not refer to Jesus, they are not really religiously neutral and are actually as if not more theologically accurate than the traditional terms. Why?

The terms BC and AD refer to an event, “Jesus’ birth”, however the terms BCE, “Before Current Era” and CE, “Current Era” don’t refer to an event, but a period of time, an era. The current usage implies that before there was a “Current Era”, there was another “Era” before that, which is exactly what Paul stated in Galatians 4:4. Paul implies that before Jesus, it was before the fullness of time, one era. Now we live in an era, defined by the fullness of time. Without knowing or intending to, those espousing religious neutrality, actually are promoting a theologically correct terminology to how we count our years, because that is exactly what Jesus did. He started a new era, since the time of Jesus, he has been transforming the world. So much so, that we often do not realize how much Jesus has impacted our life and how different the world is today than it was when Jesus was born. We live in an era, in which British Historian Tom Holland states as: “Time has been Christianized.”

The Gates of Hades: Jesus’ Meaning

In Matthew 16 Jesus took his disciples to the district of Caesarea Philippi, there he posed two questions to his disciples. First, he asked, who the people said he was, to which they replied, John the Baptist, or one of the prophets, such as Elijah or Jeremiah. Then Jesus asked them the more important question; who they said he was. Simon responded and declared Jesus to be the Christ, Son of the Living God. At that response, Jesus told Simon that God had revealed that information to him; from then on he would be called Peter and prophesied that on this rock he, Jesus, would build his church against which the Gates of Hades would not prevail.

To us, Jesus’ reference to the Gates of Hades and the connection with their being in Caesarea Philippi might not be clear. The Gates of Hades was a cave located at Caesarea Philippi, which was thought to be the entrance to the underworld. In that cave sprang two springs which formed part of the headwaters of the Jordan River. It was believed that the gods of fertility dwelled there and into those springs, the ancient Romans would cast infants to secure a bountiful harvest. If the child disappeared, then it was believed that the sacrifice had been accepted, but if blood appeared in the water, then the sacrifice had been rejected and another child would need to be sacrificed. When Jesus declared his church would overwhelm the Gates of Hades, in effect he was saying that his church would overcome the pagan religion of the Romans and Greeks. With the preaching of the apostles, the Gospel of Jesus began to do just that.

The Emperor Julian, nephew of the Emperor Constantine, was just one illustration of the power of Jesus to transform the Roman Empire and the world. Julian had been raised a Christian, but as an adult returned to the ancient pagan religion of Rome. Traveling through Asia Minor he came upon a city in which the pagan temple was in disrepair and the priests spent their time getting drunk. Appalled, Julian chastised them for the condition of the temple, their behavior and for not taking care of the poor. He urged them to care for the poor as the Christians did. However, Julian’s response revealed how much Jesus’ message had changed him and the Roman world. The priests were acting as pagan priests had always acted; they got drunk and thought little of the poor who were despised in the ancient Greek and Roman world. Julian wanted the priests to act as if they were Christians. In other words, Jesus message had impacted not only those who believed in him, but had changed the standard of behavior for everyone, demonstrating a fulfillment of what he had declared back at Caesarea Philippi!

The Gospel Explained By Paul In Romans

In Paul’s letter to the Romans, he explains what the good news, or gospel really is. He does so by correcting an assumption that the religious Jews had made about Abraham. The religious Jews of Paul’s day attached a special value to Abraham’s believing God as recorded in Genesis 15. Due to Abraham’s belief in what God had promised him, God declared Abraham to be righteous. The Jewish leaders of Paul’s day taught that Abraham’s belief in God’s promise could be considered an action that established his righteousness. This is why they did not consider Abraham to be different from his physical descendants through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob, who received the Mosaic law and were taught to obey it. Even though Abraham never lived under the Mosaic law, nor was circumcised when he was declared righteous, the first century Jews considered him righteous due to his efforts. It was this belief that Paul was correcting in Romans 4, when he demonstrated that if the Jewish teaching were true, then God’s promise to Abraham was empty, and no grace was involved, because in effect Abraham had earned righteousness through believing God.

Paul explained that the Mosaic law, actually any law, establishes legality, transgression as Paul expressed it, because where there is no law, there exists no transgression, no illegality. On the other hand, obeying the law does not establish righteousness, any more than a government rewards it citizens who live legally. In Luke 17:7-10, Jesus shed light on the subject, when he explained to the disciples that a master who returns from a trip does not reward or even thank his servants who prepare his meal and serve him before they eat. There is no added reward for doing what is our responsibility in the first place.

Paul’s point was that being declared righteous was not and is not the result of living obediently or doing good works, but rather the result of believing and trusting God to do what he has promised. In Abraham’s case it was believing God would fulfill his promise to him regarding a son; to us it is believing Jesus will forgive us when we repent from our transgressions. Paul’s explanation in Romans 4 demonstrates how Christianity is unique among religions and is truly based on God’s undeserved grace to those who seek His forgiveness and not upon obeying laws or practicing religious rituals.